4x2x1 will house snakes up to 7.5 feet with no problems... a 4' ball will have more than enough space
For substrate, Cypress mulch works well... but you cannot feed on it as it can cause them to become impacted, but this is a problem with most substrates. It can be solved by placing the rat in a container in the enclosure instead of the floor of it. The best way to keep plants in an enclosure is to have them potted in pots, not the enclosure. You don't want to have to replanbt it everytime you need to change the subtrate. Also, you want to avoid using potting soil and stick to topsoil. The key factor in placing vents is that you are creating good cross ventilation. For a 4x2 I would recommend placing two small vents on the back and one on each side, or you could go with two larger vents on each side, or even two on the back and place the doors so their is an air exchange through them as well. I use the white, round, plastic vents in 3" and 5" diameters available from Home Hardware or Rona.
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